Unit 6

In this unit we learned about different ways there are to learn and the 5 stages of consciousness. one of them being sleep. the stages of sleep being:

·         Stage 1-kind of awake and kind of asleep , only lasts a few minutes and you usually only experience it once a night, brain produces theta waves

·         Stage2- this follows stage 1 sleep and is the baseline of sleep, this stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45- 60 % of sleep, more than theta waves, slow sleep spindles= short burst of rapid brain waves

·         Stage 3 and 4- slow wave sleep, you produce delta waves, viral for restoring the body’s growth hormones

·         Stage 5- REM sleep- rapid eye movement, brain is very active, drams usually occur, body is paralyzed, from REM you go back to stage 2

This video goes into the five stages and what you feel during the five stages:

 

The following video goes into a sleep disorder, insomnia,  where a person has continued difficulties going to sleep. this video goes into how insomnia is diagnosed and even how it is treated.

I enjoyed this unit, because I have always been very interested in dreams and what the body experiences while asleep one of the most interesting stages to me is REM sleep. Which is when dreams usually occur and the body becomes paralyzed so that the body does not act out the dream. I always wondered how this worked and now thanks to this unit I do.

Unit 6 Notes

·         Memory- the persistence of learning over time though the strange and retrieval of information

·         Memory Process

·         Encoding: the process of information into the memory system

·         Storage: retaining og encoding material over time

·         Retrieval: the process of getting the information out of memory stage

·         Recall VS Recognition

·         With recall you must revive the information from your memory (fill in the blank tests)

·         With recognition you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice tests)

·         Flashbulb Memory- a clear moment of an emotionally significant movement or event

·         Types of Memory

·         Sensory Memory: the immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system stored just for an instance, and most gets unprocessed

·         Short term memory: memory that holds a few items briefly seven digits (plus or minus 2) the info will be stored in to long term or forgotten

·         Working Memory (modern day STM): another way of describing the use of short term memory

   -working memory has 3 parts

 1. Audio

2. Visual

3. Integration of audio and visual (controls where your attention lies)

·         Long term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system

·         Two ways to encode

·          Automatic Processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information you encode space, time and word meaning without effort thing can become automatic with practice

·         Effortful processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common type, with enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

·         Things you need to remember about encoding; the next in line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next

·         Spacing Effect- we encode when we study of participate over time, do not cram

·         Serial Positioning Effect- our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

·         Types of encoding

·         Somatic encoding;  the encoding of meaning like the meaning of words

·         Acoustic Encoding :  the encoding  of sound especially the sound of words

·         Visual encoding: the encoding of picture images

·         Tricks to Encode

·         use imagery: mental pictures

·         mnemonic devices use imagery like “peg words” system

·         chucking: organizing items into familiar manageable units: often it will occur automatically

·         types of long term memory

·         explicit: declarative with conscious recall, facts general knowledge is mantic memory

·         personally experienced events episodic memory

·         Implicit (nor declarative) without conscious recall

·         Skills: motor and cognitive

·         Types off retrieval failure

·         Proactive interface: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

·         Retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

·         Misinformation Effect- incorporation misleading information into one’s memory of an event

·         Deception of accident

·         Learning

·         Most learning is associative learning

·         Learning that certain events occur together

·         3 main types of learning

·         Classical conditioning- Ivan Pavlov

·         Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):  a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

·         Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned naturally occurring response to the UCS

·         Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the UCS comes to trigger a response

·         Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously natural stimulus

·         Pavlov spent time doing the 5 stages

·         Acquisition:  the initial stage of learning, the phase where the natural stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS)

·         Extinction: the diminishing of continued response

·          Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response

·          Generalization: the tendency once a response had been conditioned for stimuli similar to the

·         Discrimination: the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS
conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

·         Classical vs. operant: they both use acquisition discrimination SR generalization and extinction

-          Classical conditioning is automated

-          Operant conditioning involves behavior where I can influence their environment

·         Law of effect- (Edward Thorndike) rewarded behavior is likely to recur

·         Shaping: a procedure in operant conditioning in which reinforces guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

·         Reinforces- any event that strengthens the behavior it follows strengthens the behavior it follows

-          Two types- positive and negative

·         Positive reinforcement- strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

·         Negative reinforcement-  strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus

·         Punishment- any event that decreases the behavior that it follows

-          Positive: something bad is added inorder to decrease an unwanted behavior

-          Negative: something good is removed to cause an unwanted behavior to decrease

·         Primary Reinforce- am innately reinforcing stimulus

·         Secondary reinforce: a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power though its associon with a primary reinforce

·         Reinforcement Schedule

-          Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

-          Partial Reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time the acquisition process is slower greater resistance to extinction

-           Fixed ratio schedules: a schedule that reinforces a responces only after a specified number of responses

-          Variable ratio schedule: a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time elapses

·         Token Economy: Every time a desired behavior is performed a token is given

-          They can trade tokens for a variety of prizes

-          Used in homes prisons and mental and institutional schools

·         Observational learning- albert Banduras and his bobo doll

-          We learn through modeling behavior form others

-          Observational learning

·         Latent learning

-          Edward Toleman

-          Three rat experiment

-          Latent means hidden

·         Insight Learning- and “ah ha” moment

·         States of consciousness

-          Sleep: a state of consciousness we are less aware of our surroundings, conscious, subconscious, and unconscious

·         Fantasy Prone personalities – Someone who images and recalls experiences with life like vividness and who spends considerable time and fantasizing

·         Biological Rhythms

-          Annual cycles: seasonal variations

·         Circadian Rhythm-  our 24 hour clock

·         Sleep stages

-          There are about 5 stages 1^st 4 are known as NREM sleep

·         Stage 1-kind of awake and kind of asleep , only lasts a few minutes and you usually only experience it once a night, brain produces theta waves

·         Stage2- this follows stage 1 sleep and is the baseline of sleep, this stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45- 60 % of sleep, more than theta waves, slow sleep spindles= short burst of rapid brain waves

·         Stage 3 and 4- slow wave sleep, you produce delta waves, viral for restoring the body’s growth hormones

·         Stage 5- REM sleep- rapid eye movement, brain is very active, drams usually occur, body is paralyzed, from REM you go back to stage 2

·         Sleep disorder

-          Insomnia: persistent problems falling asleep, affects 10% of the population

-          Narcolepsy: Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times

-          Sleep Apnea: a persons stops breathing during their sleep

-          Night Terrors: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

-          Sleepwalking (somnambulism): sleep walking is a sleep disorder affecting an estimated 10 % of all humans at least once in their life

·         Dreams- a sequence of images emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind

·         Manifest content: the remembered story line of a dream

·         Latent content: the story line is confused

·         Freud’s  wish- fulfillment theory: dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts

·         Information processing theory: dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experienced that day

-          REM sleep does increase after a stressful day

·         Activation- synthesis theory:  our brainstem releases random neural activity dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity