Unit 6 Notes

·         Memory- the persistence of learning over time though the strange and retrieval of information

·         Memory Process

·         Encoding: the process of information into the memory system

·         Storage: retaining og encoding material over time

·         Retrieval: the process of getting the information out of memory stage

·         Recall VS Recognition

·         With recall you must revive the information from your memory (fill in the blank tests)

·         With recognition you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice tests)

·         Flashbulb Memory- a clear moment of an emotionally significant movement or event

·         Types of Memory

·         Sensory Memory: the immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system stored just for an instance, and most gets unprocessed

·         Short term memory: memory that holds a few items briefly seven digits (plus or minus 2) the info will be stored in to long term or forgotten

·         Working Memory (modern day STM): another way of describing the use of short term memory

   -working memory has 3 parts

 1. Audio

2. Visual

3. Integration of audio and visual (controls where your attention lies)

·         Long term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system

·         Two ways to encode

·          Automatic Processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information you encode space, time and word meaning without effort thing can become automatic with practice

·         Effortful processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common type, with enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

·         Things you need to remember about encoding; the next in line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next

·         Spacing Effect- we encode when we study of participate over time, do not cram

·         Serial Positioning Effect- our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

·         Types of encoding

·         Somatic encoding;  the encoding of meaning like the meaning of words

·         Acoustic Encoding :  the encoding  of sound especially the sound of words

·         Visual encoding: the encoding of picture images

·         Tricks to Encode

·         use imagery: mental pictures

·         mnemonic devices use imagery like “peg words” system

·         chucking: organizing items into familiar manageable units: often it will occur automatically

·         types of long term memory

·         explicit: declarative with conscious recall, facts general knowledge is mantic memory

·         personally experienced events episodic memory

·         Implicit (nor declarative) without conscious recall

·         Skills: motor and cognitive

·         Types off retrieval failure

·         Proactive interface: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

·         Retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

·         Misinformation Effect- incorporation misleading information into one’s memory of an event

·         Deception of accident

·         Learning

·         Most learning is associative learning

·         Learning that certain events occur together

·         3 main types of learning

·         Classical conditioning- Ivan Pavlov

·         Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):  a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

·         Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned naturally occurring response to the UCS

·         Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the UCS comes to trigger a response

·         Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously natural stimulus

·         Pavlov spent time doing the 5 stages

·         Acquisition:  the initial stage of learning, the phase where the natural stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS)

·         Extinction: the diminishing of continued response

·          Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response

·          Generalization: the tendency once a response had been conditioned for stimuli similar to the

·         Discrimination: the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS
conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

·         Classical vs. operant: they both use acquisition discrimination SR generalization and extinction

-          Classical conditioning is automated

-          Operant conditioning involves behavior where I can influence their environment

·         Law of effect- (Edward Thorndike) rewarded behavior is likely to recur

·         Shaping: a procedure in operant conditioning in which reinforces guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

·         Reinforces- any event that strengthens the behavior it follows strengthens the behavior it follows

-          Two types- positive and negative

·         Positive reinforcement- strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

·         Negative reinforcement-  strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus

·         Punishment- any event that decreases the behavior that it follows

-          Positive: something bad is added inorder to decrease an unwanted behavior

-          Negative: something good is removed to cause an unwanted behavior to decrease

·         Primary Reinforce- am innately reinforcing stimulus

·         Secondary reinforce: a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power though its associon with a primary reinforce

·         Reinforcement Schedule

-          Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

-          Partial Reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time the acquisition process is slower greater resistance to extinction

-           Fixed ratio schedules: a schedule that reinforces a responces only after a specified number of responses

-          Variable ratio schedule: a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time elapses

·         Token Economy: Every time a desired behavior is performed a token is given

-          They can trade tokens for a variety of prizes

-          Used in homes prisons and mental and institutional schools

·         Observational learning- albert Banduras and his bobo doll

-          We learn through modeling behavior form others

-          Observational learning

·         Latent learning

-          Edward Toleman

-          Three rat experiment

-          Latent means hidden

·         Insight Learning- and “ah ha” moment

·         States of consciousness

-          Sleep: a state of consciousness we are less aware of our surroundings, conscious, subconscious, and unconscious

·         Fantasy Prone personalities – Someone who images and recalls experiences with life like vividness and who spends considerable time and fantasizing

·         Biological Rhythms

-          Annual cycles: seasonal variations

·         Circadian Rhythm-  our 24 hour clock

·         Sleep stages

-          There are about 5 stages 1^st 4 are known as NREM sleep

·         Stage 1-kind of awake and kind of asleep , only lasts a few minutes and you usually only experience it once a night, brain produces theta waves

·         Stage2- this follows stage 1 sleep and is the baseline of sleep, this stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45- 60 % of sleep, more than theta waves, slow sleep spindles= short burst of rapid brain waves

·         Stage 3 and 4- slow wave sleep, you produce delta waves, viral for restoring the body’s growth hormones

·         Stage 5- REM sleep- rapid eye movement, brain is very active, drams usually occur, body is paralyzed, from REM you go back to stage 2

·         Sleep disorder

-          Insomnia: persistent problems falling asleep, affects 10% of the population

-          Narcolepsy: Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times

-          Sleep Apnea: a persons stops breathing during their sleep

-          Night Terrors: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

-          Sleepwalking (somnambulism): sleep walking is a sleep disorder affecting an estimated 10 % of all humans at least once in their life

·         Dreams- a sequence of images emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind

·         Manifest content: the remembered story line of a dream

·         Latent content: the story line is confused

·         Freud’s  wish- fulfillment theory: dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts

·         Information processing theory: dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experienced that day

-          REM sleep does increase after a stressful day

·         Activation- synthesis theory:  our brainstem releases random neural activity dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity